Wednesday 28 February 2024

News Values

 News Values:


Read Media Factsheet 76: News Values 


1) What example news story does the Factsheet use to illustrate Galtung and Ruge's News Values? Why is it an appropriate example of a news story likely to gain prominent coverage?

The factsheet uses the story of Lisa Head- a 29 year old British servicewoman who died after an Afghan bomb blast. This is an appropriate example of a news story that is likely to gain prominent coverage because of the fact that it covers many news values. Proximity - because she is British. Intensity - because it is more unusual for a female officer to be killed. Continuity  - because of the ongoing stories regarding Afghanistan.

2) What is gatekeeping?

Gatekeeping is the process of filtering what news ends up on the newspapers and to the public. This process is usually done by an editor, but it can also refer to how journalists selectively choose their words and images for a news story, resulting in a certain opinion to be expressed. Ultimately, gatekeeping is a way for news industries to control what kind of information their readers are obtaining.

3) What are the six ways bias can be created in news?

  • Bias through selection and omission - specific details are included while others are disregarded, creating a certain opinion.
  • Bias through placement - Stories at the front of the newspaper are seen a more important as stories at the back, the editor has purposely placed them there to intrigue a reader.
  • Bias by headline - bold and large part of the newspapers that readers are forced to see; can make or break a story.
  • Bias by photos, captions, and camera angles - heavily influence the public’s perception of a person or event.
  • Bias through use of names and titles - Labels and titles used to describe people or places. A name suggests that this person/place is important and everyone should know about it.
  • Bias by choice of words - People can be influenced by the use of positive or negative words with certain connotations as well as the tone the writer is using.

4) How have online sources such as Twitter, bloggers or Wikileaks changed the way news is selected and published?

The internet has redefined news. People are now able to document what they see and share their own news in an instant with social media platforms such as Twitter and Blogger. 

Wikileaks is different in the fact that it is essentially a library for everything that happens in the world. It is all raw materials, meaning that people can read it in any way they please, without editors of massive news industries gatekeeping the stories. However, this site is not known to the average person and is mostly used by journalists to gather their sources for their own biased stories.

5) In your opinion, how has the digital age changed Galtung and Ruge’s news values? 

In my opinion, I believe that the digital age has changed Galtung and Ruge's news values in terms of:

1) Time span- it becomes harder for newspapers to find news they can publish as people are 
already updated with news in the same moment via social media. 

2) Unexpectedness- as there is very little that can be unexpected in today's time.

However, their news values can still apply to news stories and are still very useful.

6) How would you update these news values for the digital age? Choose TWO of Galtung and Ruge's news values and say how they have been affected by the growth of digital technology.

  • Continuity
- Social media usually always updates people on news stories. This is particularly true for soft news and entertainment news. This means that newspapers don't have the chance to report this as they lag behind technology.

  • Socio-cultural
- I believe that newspapers tend to lag with the digital age in terms of what is deemed socially acceptable. This is probably due to the fact that older people are in charge of editing the newspapers whereas younger people run most of the internet. For example, the online age has become very accepting of the LGBT community and, in particular, males wearing makeup. However, newspapers tend to not talk about these topics and may even be against them.
- No comments:

The Future of Journalism

 The Future of Journalism: 


Part 1: Clay Shirky lecture



1) Why does Clay Shirky argue that 'accountability journalism' is so important and what example does he give of this?

He gives the example of the catholic priests molesting children and keeping the scandal undercover due to their power.

2) What does Shirky say about the relationship between newspapers and advertisers? Which websites does he mention as having replaced major revenue-generators for newspapers (e.g. jobs, personal ads etc.)?

He says that there is a bad relationship between newspapers and ad companies as they were overcharged by print newspaper companies.

3) Shirky talks about the 'unbundling of content'. This means people are reading newspapers in a different way. How does he suggest audiences are consuming news stories in the digital age?

Social media and articles that use clickbait.

4) Shirky also talks about the power of shareable media. How does he suggest the child abuse scandal with the Catholic Church may have been different if the internet had been widespread in 1992?

People would have been able to investigate this further- there would have been access that the public/journalists were entitled to research and it would have spread much faster.

5) Why does Shirky argue against paywalls? 

It is a way for businesses to make money while people are entitled to know the news for free.

6) What is a 'social good'? In what way might journalism be a 'social good'?

It reveals truth to people and ensures that there is minimal corruption in the higher powers.

7) Shirky says newspapers are in terminal decline. How does he suggest we can replace the important role in society newspapers play? What is the short-term danger to this solution that he describes?

Shirky says nothing can replace newspapers, and that if newspapers die out corruption will be easily obtained and even easier to get away with. 

8) Look at the first question and answer regarding institutional power. Give us your own opinion: how important is it that major media brands such as the New York Times or the Guardian continue to stay in business and provide news?

People take those articles to refer to while spreading news so i think that they are vital- otherwise we have no trustworthy source of news.


Part 2: MM55 - Media, Publics, Protest and Power



1) What are the three overlapping fields that have an influence on the relationship between media and democracy?

  • The political field intervenes when the state powerfully limits or enables the diversity of voices and views in the press, through its power to regulate, deregulate or subsidise the media.
  •  The economic field refers to commercial influences that encompass elements such as concentration of ownership; profit pressures relating to types of ownership; type of funding (such as advertising or paying audiences); and level and intensity of market competition.
  •  The journalistic field refers to assumptions that have emerged over time about what constitutes ‘news’, and about the purpose of journalism; practices of news gathering and sourcing; norms of objectivity and impartiality – the ethics and practice of journalism that contribute to the news ecology in any one place at any one moment in time.

2) What is ‘churnalism’ and what issues are there currently in journalism?

To a greater use of unattributed rewrites of press agency or public relations material, and the cut- and-paste practice.

Once you combine the faster and shallower corporate journalism of the digital age with the need to pull in readers for commercial rather than journalistic reasons, it is not difficult to see how the traditional rigour of professional journalism is quickly cast aside. And if they are dominated by the same huge corporate players, the explosion of news platforms online does nothing to counter this. However high the consumption, if the nature of news content serves the interests of the news industry over and above the public’s information needs, more news does not necessarily help democracy.

3) What statistics are provided by Fenton to demonstrate the corporate dominance of a small number of conglomerates? 

Three companies control 71% of UK national newspaper circulation while only five groups control more than 80% of combined online and offline news.

4) What is the 'climate of fear' that Fenton writes about in terms of politics and the media? 

Politicians are fearful of career-wrecking and life- ruining negative publicity, along with damage to their parties’ chances of re-election. Four successive Prime Ministers admitted to The Leveson Enquiry that they were ‘too close’ to the big media players because the political stakes were so very high. In this climate, political parties, the police and other institutions are reluctant to investigate wrong- doing in the news media, hinder the expansion of large media conglomerates, or introduce new regulation of news organisations and journalistic practice. They also avoid certain areas of public policy, for fear either of hostile reporting or media owner conflict, creating an environment where politicians are more likely to discuss populist policies. Journalists are often too intimidated to stand up to a bullying culture where market- oriented managers place commercial priorities above journalistic responsibility and integrity.

5) Fenton finishes her article by discussing pluralism, the internet and power. What is your opinion on this crucial debate - has the internet empowered audiences and encouraged democracy or is power even more concentrated in the hands of a few corporate giants?

I believe the internet empowered audiences and encouraged democracy.
- No comments:

Sunday 25 February 2024

Newspaper news story research

News Story Research

WEEK 1

MailOnline website

  • Star Trek actor Kenneth Mitchell has died at 49-years-old after a five-year battle with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, his family has confirmed. Mitchell played the Klingons Kol, Kol-Sha, and Tenavik, as well as Aurellio, on Star Trek: Discovery and voiced several characters in an episode of Star Trek: Lower Decks. Born on November 25, 1974 in Toronto, Canada, Mitchell starred in several films and television shows including Captain Marvel, Miracle, Jericho, The Astronaut Wives Club, Ghost Whisperer and Switched at Birth. He is survived by his wife Susan May Pratt and their two children, Lilah and Kallum. 
  • This is an example of soft news.
  • It reflect the ideological stance of the newspaper/website.
  • This person starred on Star Trek which had a huge fanbase of this particular demographic so they knew who this person was (Personal relationship - Blumler and Katz: Uses and Gratifications theory.)


Guardian website

  • Former justice secretary calls out Tory party colleagues over ‘dangerous’ rhetoric.
  • Lee Anderson, who was deputy chair of the party until a month ago, told GB News on Friday that Islamists had “got control of” Sadiq Khan and that the London mayor had “given our capital city away to his mates”. He was stripped of the Tory whip after refusing to apologise.
  • This is an example of hard news.
  • It reflects the political stance of the newspaper/website.
  • Those who support The Conservative party are well informed and appeals to that sort of audience demographic of the white middle class mainly. (Personal identity - Blumler and Katz: Uses and Gratifications theory).


WEEK 2

Mailonline website

  • Harry loses court battle.
  • https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13135861/prince-harry-appeal-high-court-ruled-home-office-downgrade-security.html  Wednesday, Feb 28th 2024
  • Prince Harry today lost a High Court challenge against the Home Office over a decision to downgrade his taxpayer-funded personal security when he visits Britain. The Duke of Sussex took legal action over the move by the Executive Committee for the Protection of Royalty and Public Figures (Ravec) after being told he would no longer be given the 'same degree' of publicly-funded protection when in the UK. His lawyers had claimed he was 'singled out' and treated 'less favourably' in the February 2020 decision by the body, which falls under the Home Office's remit. But at a hearing in London in December, the Government insisted 39-year-old Harry's claim should be dismissed, arguing Ravec was entitled to conclude the Duke's protection should be 'bespoke' and considered on a 'case-by-case' basis. Two months on, retired High Court judge Sir Peter Lane has now issued his ruling on the case this morning - saying: 'The application for judicial review is refused.'
  • This is an example of soft news.
  • It reflect the ideological stance of the newspaper/website.
  • Blumler and Katz: Uses and Gratifications theory -  British individuals who are royalists keeping up to date with the current affairs that relate to the royal family.

Guardian website
  • Conservatives
  • https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/feb/28/more-than-half-of-tory-members-in-poll-say-islam-a-threat-to-british-way-of-life Wednesday, Feb 28th 2024
  • Figure for party is twice proportion among overall population and comes amid row over Lee Anderson comments about Sadiq Khan.
  • This is an example of hard news.
  • It reflects the political stance of the newspaper/website.
  • Those who support The Conservative party are well informed and appeals to that sort of audience demographic of the white middle class mainly. (Personal identity - Blumler and Katz: Uses and Gratifications theory).

WEEK 3

Mailonline website


The Guardian


WEEK 4

MailOnline website


WEEK 5

MailOnline website

  • https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13234973/Russia-isis-moscow-attack-torture-suspects.html
  • Putin scrambles to save face after ignoring US warning of ISIS attack as it emerges one terrorist was photographed staking out venue: Suspects in court after genital electrocution torture and one being forced to eat his own EAR
  • This is an example hard news.
  • It reflects the political stance of the newspaper/website.
  • Galtung and Ruge -  elite nations and people.

The Guardian

  • UK ‘slow to hold China to account’ for cyber-attacks against MPs and voters

  • This is an example hard news.

  • It reflects the political stance of the newspaper/website.

  • Galtung and Ruge -  elite nations and people.

- No comments:

The decline in print media

 The decline in print media


Part 1: Ofcom report into news consumption 2022


1) Look at the headlines from the report on page 6. Pick three that you think are interesting and bullet point them here. Why did you pick those three in particular?  

  • Five of the top six TV channels (including BBC One which remains the top news source across platforms) saw decreased reach from 2021 among online adults.
  • Attitudes towards news generally remain consistent with 2020 (across measures such as quality, accuracy, trustworthiness and impartiality) for TV, radio, social media, newspapers and online, with TV performing strongest, and social media performing least well.
  • Social media is overtaking traditional channels for news among teens. Instagram, TikTok and YouTube are now their top three most used sources for news. Meanwhile many sources have seen decreases since 2021, with reach of BBC One/Two decreasing to 24% in 2022 (down from 35% in 2021).

2) Look at the overall summary for adults on pages 7-8. What are the key points on newspapers? 

  • The differences between platforms used across age groups are striking; younger age groups continue to be more likely to use the internet and social media for news, whereas their older counterparts favour print, radio and TV.
  • BBC One remains the top source by reach for adults (53%). YouTube (8%) has seen growth from 2020 (appearing on the ‘top 20' list for the first time) while both ITV and Google see decreases in reach. There is significant variation in the top sources used across age groups - among younger groups social media sources are particularly prevalent (Instagram is the top source among 16- 24s with a reach of 46%).
  •  Viewer attitudes (measures such as quality, accuracy, trustworthiness and impartiality) towards TV channels’ news provision are generally consistent with 2020
  • At a channel level, longer term, reach of Capital and Heart for news appears to be decreasing, as does BBC local radio in England.
  • While the reach of print newspapers is decreasing, online newspaper reach remains steady.
  • Users of TikTok for news get more of their news on TikTok from ‘other people they follow’ than ‘news organisations’.
  • 13% of UK adults say they use news aggregators.
  • TV remains the most popular platform for accessing local news and people are still highly satisfied with the quality of this news. 42% of online UK adults who follow news say they watch regional/local broadcasts on BBC TV and 23% watch them on ITV/ITV WALES/UTV/STV (a decrease from 32% in 2020). Four in five of these viewers are satisfied with the quality of news that these channels provide.
  • TV remains the most common platform for accessing news about respondents’ own nation. BBC One is the most used news source in Wales for accessing news about the nation, whereas STV is most used in Scotland and UTV the most used in Northern Ireland. BBC One is the most used news source in England for accessing news about the respondents’ region.
  • As in 2020, six in ten adults (64%) think it is important for ‘society overall’ that broadcasters provide current affairs programming, more than those who say it is important to them personally (53%).

3) Look at the statistics on page 13. What do you notice about newspapers and how has it changed in recent years?

  • TV - 74%
  • Internet - 66%
  • Radio - 40%
  • Newspapers - 24%
Newspapers have drastically declined over the years and are continuing to do so.

4) Now look at the age demographics for news consumption on page 16. What age demographic groups are most and least likely to read newspapers and what are the percentages? 

Most Likely: 75+
  •  51% (print usage)
  • 59% (additional online research)
Least Likely: 16-24
  • 10% (print usage)
  • 30% (additional online research)

5) Look at the newspaper-specific data on page 36. Which are the most popular newspaper titles? 

  • Daily Mail
  • The Sun
  • The Metro

6) Now look at the total newspaper reach of print and online on page 39. How has this decreased over the last three years?

The use of print has decreased whilst the use of their websites have stayed the same as well as consuming both, print and websites, has decreased by 3%.


Part 2: Factsheet - The death of print media


1) What has happened to print media in the last 30 years?

In the last 30 years, the number of people using print media has declined drastically due to other competitors being introduced into the market. For example, the introduction of televisions in the 1950s led to more people deciding to watch the news for free, rather than pay to read a traditional newspaper.

The internet, however, was a greater revolution. There was more freedom on the internet and a new way of communicating was established due to the anonymous nature of the internet. This lead to a larger decline in traditional print newspapers.

2) Why is the Independent newspaper such a good case study for the decline in print media?

The Independent newspaper is the most recent to have 'died' in terms of its print form. Established in 1986, the Independent offered a new and unbias approach to journalism and had many readers. The independent was sold to Evgeny Lebedev for a nominal £1 and £9.25m over the next 10 months. However, the company faced financial difficulties after a scandal concerning the reporter Johann Hari. It was claimed that Hari’s reporting contained inaccuracies and plagiarised materials, which was later found to be true. The newspaper decided to cease all printed forms of the news following the damage to its reputation and it is now only found online.

3) What was the Independent newspaper famous for?

It was famous for offering a new and unbias approach to journalism- The newspaper’s selling line was, until 2011, “free from political bias, free from proprietorial influence”, and the reporting somewhat reflected this; in the last decade of its publication the Independent became known for its unorthodox and campaigning front pages.

4) What did the then-owner of the Independent, Evgeny Lebedev, say about the newspaper's digital-only future?

“The newspaper industry is changing, and that change is being driven by readers. They’re showing us that the future is digital. This decision preserves the Independent brand and allows us to continue to invest in the high-quality editorial content that is attracting more and more readers to our online platforms.” Evegeny Lebedev

5) How do online newspapers make money?

They make money out of the number of views their page receives. This is mostly generated through advertisement on the site.

6) What did the Independent's longest-serving editor Simon Kelner warn regarding the switch to digital?

He was worried that the 'originality in its design and the iconoclastic feel of the paper' would be lost if the newspaper was to switch to a digital platform.

7) What is the concern with fake news? What does 'post-truth' refer to?

The concern with fake news is that these types of articles are getting more attention than the legit ones. It has become difficult to regulate and monitor what is fake news and what is real news, which makes creating a profitable online news source even more difficult. 

The term 'post-truth' refers to the fact that 'objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.' 

8) What is your view on the decline in print media? Should news be free? Is it a concern that established media brands such as the Independent can no longer afford to exist as a printed newspaper?

I believe that independent news companies shouldn't be free because the people who work for those companies are entitled to receive payment for the hard work they do. However, with free news available (like the publicly funded BBC and online sources) it is very unlikely that anyone would be willing to pay for news. Therefore, I believe that a new system should be established to allow these newspaper companies to live on. Perhaps they can be funded through tax money or publicly funded charities. Ultimately, we should try to preserve newspapers as much as possible because they contain the highest quality of journalism and are the most reliable source for finding out what's happening in our world. There are other solutions for the preservation of print media such as diversifying into an online websites as magazines have done.
- No comments:

Tuesday 6 February 2024

Paper 2 mock exam learner response

  Paper 2 mock exam: Learner response:


1) Type up your feedback in full (you do not need to write mark/grade if you do not wish to).

WWW 
  • This is a strong exam: close to a B grade with clear potential to improve further. Q1 unseen is excellent and Q2 and Q4 also contain some very good points.

EBI    
  • Question focus in Q3 is holding you back a little here... revise the industry contexts for TV.
  •  Some of your phrasing needs work in Q4. This is particularly important for question focus and showing you understand what is being asked.

2) Did you succeed in meeting or exceeding your target grade for A Level Media in this paper? If not, how many additional marks do you need to achieve your target grade in Paper 2?

I have achieved my target grad however I was 3 marks off a B.

3) Write a question-by-question analysis of your performance. For each question, write how many marks you got from the number available and identify any points that you missed by carefully studying the AQA indicative content in the mark scheme:

Q1 - 7/9

  • Need more on ideology for top marks eg. capitalism
  • an ideological reading might suggest that capitalism is a corrupt system which only benefits the few.
Q2 - 16/25
  • Revise Shirky a little... some points feel contradictory here.
  •  the key aspects of the relevant theory: Digital natives, ‘We the media’, Web 2.0, Convergence, Prosumer
  • Shirky’s ideas and theories on end of audience: mass amateurisation, cognitive surplus
  •  the way in which ‘end of audience’ theories argue that traditional boundaries (hierarchies?) between producer and audience have been blurred, integrated, reversed
  • the way in which ‘end of audience’ theories argue that due to the volume of connections created by the internet, a transformation in networking and communication has taken place
  •  the understanding of online media as creating a more active role for audiences – particularly in contrast to traditional, passive media forms
  •  that online technology provides easily accessible tools for production and action
  •  in addition, some answers may question ‘end of audience’ theories’ positive view – particularly in Shirky’s work – of the time people spend online
  •  some responses might suggest that ‘end of audience’ theories do not take enough account of continued dominance of media industries and control of the networks
  •  some responses might question the more negative aspects of amateurism such as the free supply of labour.
Q3 - 9/25
  • Lack of question focus is key here
  • Distribution and consumption- BBC/C4/Walter Presents etc.
  • Economic and cultural contexts - audience consumptions/technology 
  •  Increasingly global nature of media companies has enabled access to a range of international media products, suggesting a move away from the national and local.
  •  Developments in technology have provided a range of media platforms and screens for viewing.
  •  Shift to self-scheduling – enabled by technology and cultural changes – away from industry-controlled viewing.
  •  Rise of binge viewing and interactive response to programmes.
  •  Majority of viewing of television programmes still takes place via traditional TV screen – effect of convergence can be exaggerated.
  • Scheduling is still key to the way audiences consume TV shows – particularly around key crime dramas and reality shows.
  •  While there are an increased number of channels and streaming services, the choice is still relatively limited and dominated by the US conglomerates.
  •  Major events which affect behaviour – such as the pandemic – provide evidence of the enduring strength of traditional distribution and consumption.
Q4 - 16/25

  • Applying audience and industry contexts, perhaps The Sims franchise challenges a discourse of gender inequality by making the videogames industry more gender equal.
  • While HFW has been praised for gender representations, it has been criticised for racial stereotypes ( particularly Eastern tropes - orientalism) showing that a discourse of inequality remains despite progress. Links to bell hooks - intersectionality.


4) Look at question 4 - the synoptic question. How many of the four key concepts did you cover in your answer? Write a new essay plan for this question using the indicative content in the mark scheme and taking care to include at least three of Language - Representations - Audience - Industries. You can use bullet points but make sure you offer enough content to meet the criteria for Level 5 (top level). This will be somewhere between 3-4 well-developed paragraphs planned in some detail.

INTRO

PARA 1:

Language:
  •  How the different modes and language associated with different media forms communicate multiple meanings.
  •  How the combination of elements of media language influence meaning.
  •  The way media language incorporates viewpoints and ideologies.


PARA 2:

Representations:
  •  The way events, issues, individuals (including self-representation) and social groups (including social identity) are represented through processes of selection and combination.
  •  The way the media through re-presentation construct versions of reality.
  •  The processes which lead media producers to make choices about how to represent events, issues, individuals and social groups.
  •  How media representations convey values, attitudes and beliefs about the world and how these may be systematically reinforced across a wide range of media representations.

PARA 3:

Industries:
  •  How processes of production, distribution and circulation shape media products.
  •  The effect of individual producers on media industries.
  •  The significance of patterns of ownership and control, including conglomerate ownership, vertical integration and diversification.
  • How processes of production, distribution and circulation shape media products.

PARA 4:

Audiences:

  •  How media producers target, attract, reach, address and potentially construct audiences.
  •  How audiences interpret the media, including how they may interpret the same media in different ways.
  • How audiences interact with the media and can be actively involved in media production.
  • How audiences use media in different ways, reflecting demographic factors as well as aspects of identity and cultural capital.

CONC

5) Based on the whole of your Paper 2 learner response, plan FIVE topics / concepts / CSPs / theories that you will prioritise in your Easter Media revision timetable.

  • Ideology
  • Shirky - End of Audience theory
  • Question focus
  • Distribution and consumption
  • Economic and cultural contexts.
- No comments:

Monday 5 February 2024

Paper 1 mock exam learner response

 Paper 1 mock exam learner response:

1) Type up any feedback in full (you do not need to write mark/grade if you do not wish to).

WWW-  Good knowledge of CSPs

EBI-  You haven't quite grasped the purpose of the question to consider audience power and interaction.

2) Write a question-by-question analysis of your performance. For each question, write how many marks you got from the number available and identify any points that you missed by carefully studying the AQA indicative content in the mark scheme

Q1- 5/8
  • The iconic look sported by the model is that of the 1950s film star cf. Grace Kelly or Marilyn Monroe - the archetypal post-war blonde bombshell beauty, arguably designed to accommodate the male gaze.
  • This advert also deploys an old-fashioned direct mode of address using the iconic slogan ‘Avon Calling’ and this rather unsubtle form of gender role interpellation is reinforced by the use of the model’s gaze towards the audience along with the tagline ‘take time out for beauty’ (presumably from housework) which is essentially a command or call to action.

Q2 - 8/12
  • This style of ‘vintage’ advertisement has been reproduced many times(sometimes parodically) to the point that it has become synonymous with (now)outmoded patriarchal attitudes around beauty.
  • This form of representation links to 1950s, pre second-wave constructs offeminine identity eg supporting the ideology that a ‘woman's value comes fromher ability to look good’ and that female consumers were (and to some extentstill are) financially exploited by corporations (like Avon) to that end.
Q3 - 5/9

  •  The product has an impact due to the sexist character of its images and to its association with a largely unremembered historical context.
  •  Time makes this once more coherent but never substantial construction of masculinity farcical.
  • This is simplistic and ‘tongue-in-cheek’: the jungle is clearly a constructed set and the Big Game Hunter/colonial adventurer a cartoon character.
  • The relationship between sex, gender, sexuality and power is transparent/exposed (deconstructed): this was never ‘real’ always ‘fantastic’.
  • This performance of gender lacks credibility as does its certainty about the gender binary it acts out.
  • These are stereotypes: they have no depth, no ‘bite.’
  • The performance codes dominate here: props, costume, setting and performance(acting).


Q4 - 15/20

  • BRC emphasises attitudes to masculinity and sexuality- pink suit.
  • Representation of country music- hybrid genre.

Q5 - 1/6

    • Vertical integration is a way of minimising risk by a media company owning different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution. This reduces expenses as the distribution is the same and audiences are loyal to the company and so will be drawn to the media product.

    Q6- 3/9

    • The film-makers made use of an elaborate poster campaign which was designed to differ by region (eg called The music of my life in South America) in order to meet the demands and tastes of specific audiences globally.
    • Theatrical trailers of varying lengths were also released with a PG certificate to make them widely available to a range of potential audiences globally.
    • The UK theatrical film trailer took up costly advertising slots in cinemas and on terrestrial TV, and focussed heavily on the nostalgic elements of the film (80s soundtrack and mise en scène styling) to grab the audience’s attention.
    • These traditional ‘above the line methods’ of film advertising and marketing are incredibly expensive, incurring additional costs estimated at around 50% of a film’s initial production budget in a similar way to larger-scale, ‘high-ticket’ ventures such as Marvel films. This is nonetheless still regarded as an essential expenditure by producers in an attempt to bring audiences to the box office.
    Q7 - 11/20

    • War of the Worlds was made at a time when audiences had a limited ability to directly engage in the production of media products.
    • This was due to the way in which media technology at the time lent itself to the idea of mass communication or broadcasting with audiences tuning in to hear what producers had made for them rather than actively participating in production.
    •  That said, audience reaction to the product (press exaggeration aside) suggested that audiences felt able to 'interact' with the product using back-channel mechanisms eg through complaints to the broadcaster CBS and the authorities at the time.
    •  Newsbeat was originally created to adhere to the BBC’s (rather patrician) ethos that a public service broadcaster has a responsibility to provide a ‘high-quality’ and ‘trustworthy’ news service to all sections of society. The content is now ‘simulcast’ (as a result of budget cuts) to niche audiences listening on Radio1 Xtra and BBC Asian network as well as Radio 1.
    •  In this way, adherence to the concepts surrounding convergence can be viewed as less convincing; this is still essentially a traditional news product based around the (gatekeeping) model of producers selecting and presenting appropriate content for their audiences.
    • That said, the ‘contact us’ web page for the product aims to make the aspects of this gatekeeping process visible to its audience and consistently talks in terms of ‘you’ being at the heart of editorial decisions; emphasising the idea of an audience and producer ‘in partnership’.

      3) Look at Question 4 - a 20-mark essay evaluating Shirky's 'End of audience' theory. Write an essay plan for this question using the indicative content in the mark scheme and with enough content to meet the criteria for Level 4 (top level). This will be somewhere between 3-4 well-developed paragraphs plus an introduction answering the question planned in some detail.

      INTRO

      PARA 1: Old Town Road link to audience

      PARA 2: Old Town Road analysis link to theory 

      PARA 3: Old Town Road CSP context

      CONC


      4) Based on the whole of your Paper 1 learner response, plan FIVE topics / concepts / CSPs / theories that you will prioritise in your summer exam Media revision timetable.

      • Radio CSPs
      • Industry context
      • Blinded by the light traditional marketing
      • Make essay plans and understand questions properly
      • Hyperreality theory

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